📜 𝙀𝙣𝙡𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙢𝙖𝙣'𝙨 𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙛-𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙄𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙚'𝙨 𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧.

This book contains Immanuel Kant's 4 essays:

1. 𝐀𝐧 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: ‘ 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐄𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭?’

Kant discusses the concept of enlightenment and its impact on humans. According to Kant Enlightenment simply means the will to use one's own understanding and to Question other's ideas. According to Kant, people nowadays lack the courage to do this. He insists humans to this Immaturity and talks about ‘Sapere aude’ - Dare to be wise.

🔸𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘮𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘰 𝘰𝘧 𝘦𝘯𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦: 𝘚𝘢𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘶𝘥𝘦! [𝘋𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦 𝘸𝘪𝘴𝘦!] 𝘏𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘰𝘸𝘯 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨.

Kant then talks about the freedom needed for enlightenment. According to Kant this Freedom will make people use one's reason in all matters- that's the freedom which would make us rational human beings.
Kant then talks about religious immaturity and says it's important for a society to come out of it. He talks about matters of religion as the focal point of enlightenment.

2. 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐞: 𝐀 𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐜𝐡:

In this essay Kant talks about peace and the ideal ways to achieve it. 
Kant also talks about the importance of sovereign republics and constitutions for maintaining peace. 

3.𝐀 𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: ‘𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠?'

In this essay Kant discusses human history and progress. Accidentally to Kant human race can be in 3 stages: Regressing Progressing or a permanent standstill.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚:  In this stage the humans are in a constant state of deterioration. According to Kant this is not actually what's happening because it will cause annihilation of mankind .

🔸“𝘈 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯 𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘨𝘰 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘭𝘺, 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘥 𝘸𝘦𝘢𝘳 𝘪𝘵𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘢𝘧𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘢 𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘥 𝘣𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘥”


𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒖𝒅𝒂𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚: That's the idea that human beings are in a constant state of improvement. however Kang doesn't believe in this as well, he thinks it's absurd and cannot be maintained.

🔸“𝘛𝘩𝘶𝘴 𝘦𝘶𝘥𝘢𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘴𝘮, 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘪𝘵𝘴 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘩𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘴, 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦. 𝘐𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘢𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘸𝘰𝘶𝘭𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘮 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘤 𝘩𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘥.”

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒃𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚: According to this concept the human race is at a permanent standstill, in relation to other created beings, at its present level of moral attainment. According to Kant, there's a rise and fall of equal magnitude  in moral affairs of the human race which constantly alternates and endlessly fluctuates and thus produces no more effect.

Kant then discusses 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒅 : Kant talks about humanity's progress based on the understanding of humanity's history. According to Kant by studying historical patterns, we can predict the eventual emergence of a universal civil society grounded in justice and reason. He believes that humans can learn from this history and make improvements in our moral affairs. Therefore he has an optimistic view of human affairs.

🔸“𝘉𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘧𝘵𝘦𝘳-𝘱𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘸𝘢𝘳 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘩𝘦𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘥𝘮𝘪𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯 𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘦 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘰𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘢 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘢𝘭𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘺 𝘪𝘯 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵.”

4. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲:

 In this essay Kant talks about the origins of humanity. Kant discusses various aspects of mankind such as The paradise and fall of man, awakening of reason , progress and loss of innocence/emergence of evil, formation of societies etc.